Portuguese

"This book provides an incredible wealth of information, including details and examples not found elsewhere. A worthy project." John Jensen Professor of Modern Languages, Florida International University

Sheila R. Ackerlind is Professor Emerita at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. She taught Portuguese and Spanish for forty years. Rebecca Jones-Kellogg is Assistant Professor of Portuguese at West Point and has traveled extensively throughout Portugal, Brazil, and Lusophone Africa.

The Portuguese-Speaking World Preface and Acknowledgements Abbreviations, Symbols, and Diacritical Marks Phonetic Symbols Linguistic and Grammatical Terms in English and Portuguese Definitions of Linguistic and Grammatical Terms Orthographic Reforms Sound System Oral Vowels Oral Diphthongs Nasal Vowels Nasal Diphthongs Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish Vowels and Diphthongs Consonants Writing System and Accentuation Alphabet Letters Used to Transcribe Portuguese Sounds Capitalization Punctuation Marks and Commonly Used Typographic Symbols Diacritical Marks Syllables and Word Division Stress and Accentuation Words Stressed on the Second-to-Last Syllable (Proparoxytones) Words Stressed on the Next-to-Last Syllable (Paroxytones) Words Stressed on the Last Syllable (Oxytones) Portuguese, Spanish, and English Cognates Cognates Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Sounds and Letters Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish Sounds and Letters Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Prefixes Portuguese and Corresponding Spanish and English Suffixes Differences in Stress between Portuguese and Spanish Cognates True, Partial, and False Cognates Grammatical Categories Articles Definite and Indefinite Articles Contractions of Prepositions with Articles Nouns and Adjectives Adjectives Plural of Nouns and Adjectives Gender of Nouns and Adjectives Differences in Gender between Portuguese and Spanish Noun Cognates Placement of Adjectives with Nouns Diminutives and Augmentatives Numbers and Numerals Adverbs Comparatives and Superlatives Comparisons of Equality Comparisons of Superiority and Inferiority Relative Superlatives Absolute Superlatives Personal Pronouns Subject Pronouns Forms of Address Prepositional Pronouns and Contractions with Prepositions Direct Object Pronouns Indirect Object Pronouns Placement of Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns and Verbs Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns Contractions of Prepositions with Demonstratives Relative Words Interrogative Words Affirmative, Negative, and Indefinite Words Prepositions Verbs and Corresponding Prepositions Conjunctions Verbs Impersonal and Personal Infinitive Past Participle and Compound Tenses and Forms Passive Voice Indicative Mood Present Tense Forms Uses Present Perfect Tense Imperfect (Preterite Imperfect) Tense Forms Uses Preterite (Preterite Perfect) Tense Forms Uses Preterite versus Imperfect Simple and Compound Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Tense Future Tense Future Perfect Tense Conditional Tense Conditional Perfect Tense Subjunctive Mood Present Tense Present Perfect Tense Past (Imperfect) Tense Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Tense Future Tense Future Perfect Tense Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses Subjunctive in Noun Clauses Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses Subjunctive in Adverb Clauses Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences Subjunctive in Common Expressions Present Participle and Progressive Tenses and Forms Imperative Mood Impersonal Verbs and Expressions Verbs That Take an Indirect Object without a Direct Object Ser versus Estar Ficar Ter and Haver Haver and Fazer in Expressions of Time Acabar Saber versus Conhecer Verb and Other Grammar Charts Regular Verbs: Derivation of Tenses and Forms Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs Verb Tenses and Forms Present Indicative Imperfect (Preterite Imperfect) Indicative Preterite (Preterite Perfect) Indicative Simple Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Indicative Future Indicative Conditional Present Subjunctive Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive Future Subjunctive Personal Infinitive Past Participle Compound Tenses Present Participle and Progressive Tenses Imperative (Command Forms) Verbs and Expressions That Require the Subjunctive Personal Pronouns and Possessives Contractions of Direct with Indirect Object Pronouns Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns, and Contractions Contractions of Prepositions Relative Words Interrogativ