Biochemical Pathways

Michal and Schomburg (Technische Univ. Carolo-Whilhelmina, Germany) have reorganized, updated, and greatly expanded (over 100 pages of new content) this unique resource, keeping it an essential biochemical reference. Summing Up: Essential. Biochemistry collections, upper-division undergraduates through professionals. (Choice, 1 August 2013) Biochemical Pathways, Second Edition is recommended for all students and researchers in such fields as biochemistry, molecular biology, medicine, organic chemistry, and pharmacology. The book's illustrated pathways aids the reader in understanding the complex set of biochemical reactions that occur in biological systems. (Kingbook73.blogspot, 23 April 2013) This book, not too scary to read thanks to its compact size, served as a great reading for the incoming graduate students from the biology department and the chemical engineering department alike. (Biotechnology Journal, 1 January 2013)

GERHARD MICHAL, PhD, has retired from research at Boehringer Mannheim GmbH (now Roche Diagnostics). He is internationally acclaimed for developing the "Biochemical Pathways" wall chart. The first edition, which was published some forty years ago, has been continuously updated and is used in many biochemistry laboratories around the world. DIETMAR SCHOMBURG, PhD, is a Full Professor and Head of the Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry at the Technische Universitt Carolo-Wilhelmina in Braunschweig. His research interests include protein structure and function, structural biochemistry, bioinformatics, and enzyme information/metabolic networks. Dr. Schomburg has been widely praised for establishing BRENDA, the principal source of enzyme function and property data.

Preface to the Second Edition ix From the Preface to the First Edition x Contributors xi 1 Introduction and General Aspects 1 Gerhard Michal and Dietmar Schomburg 1.1 Organization of This Book 1 1.1.1 Conventions Used in This Book 3 1.1.2 Common Abbreviations 3 1.2 Carbohydrate Chemistry and Structure 4 1.2.1 Structure and Classification 4 1.2.2 Glycosidic Bonds 5 1.3 Amino Acid Chemistry and Structure 5 1.3.1 Structure and Classification 6 1.3.2 Peptide Bonds 6 1.4 Lipid Chemistry and Structure 6 1.4.1 Fatty acids 6 1.4.2 Acylglycerols and Derivatives 7 1.4.3 Waxes 7 1.4.4 Glycerophospholipids 7 1.4.5 Plasmalogens 7 1.4.6 Sphingolipids 7 1.4.7 Steroids 8 1.4.8 Lipoproteins 8 1.5 Physico-Chemical Aspects of Biochemical Processess 8 1.5.1 Energetics of Chemical Reactions 8 1.5.2 Redox Reactions 9 1.5.3 Transport Through Membranes 9 1.5.4 Enzyme Kinetics 10 2 The Cell and Its Contents 14 Gerhard Michal and Dietmar Schomburg 2.1 Classification of Living Organisms 14 2.2 Structure of Cells 14 2.2.1 Prokaryotic Cells 14 2.2.2 General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells 15 2.2.3 Special Structures of Plant Cells 17 2.2.4 Special Structures of Animal Cells 18 2.3 Protein Structure and Function 18 2.3.1 Levels of Organization 19 2.3.2 Protein Function 21 2.4 Enzymes 21 2.4.1 Catalytic Mechanism 21 2.4.2 Isoenzymes 23 2.4.3 Multienzyme Complexes 23 2.4.4 Reaction Rate 23 2.4.5 Classification of Enzymes 23 2.5 Regulation of the Enzyme Activity 24 2.5.1 Regulation of the Quantity of Enzymes 24 2.5.2 Regulation of the Activity of Enzymes 24 2.5.3 Site of Regulation 26 2.6 Nucleic Acid Structure 26 2.6.1 Components of Nucleic Acids 26 2.6.2 Properties of RNA Chains 27 2.6.3 Properties of DNA Chains 27 2.6.4 Compaction Levels of DNA Chains 28 2.7 Genetic Code and the Flow of Information 30 2.7.1 From DNA to RNA 30 2.7.2 From Nucleic Acids to Proteins The Genetic Code 30 2.7.3 Influence of Errors 31 2.8 Polymeric Carbohydrates 31 2.8.1 Polymeric Carbohydrates in Energy Storage 31 2.8.2 Polymeric Carbohydrates as Structural Elements 32 2.9 Glycosylated Proteins and Peptides 32 2.9.1 Glycoproteins 33 2.9.2 Proteoglycans 33 2.9.3 Peptidoglycans 35 2.10 Lipid Aggregates and Membranes 35 3 Metabolism 37 3.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism and Citrate Cycle 37 Rbbe Wnschiers 3.1.1 Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis 37 3.1.2 Polysaccharide Metabolism 42 3.1.3 Pyruvate Turnover and Acetyl-Coenzyme A 46 3.1.4 Di- and Oligosaccharides 48 3.1.5 Metabolism of Hexose Derivatives 48 3.1.6 Pentose Metabolism 51 3.1.7 Amino Sugars 54 3.1.8 Citrate Cycle 55 3.1.9 Glyoxylate Metabolism 57 3.2 Amino Acids and Derivatives 58 Rbbe Wnschiers 3.2.1 Nitrogen Fixation and Metabolism 58 3.2.2 Glutamate, Glutamine, Alanine, Aspartate, Asparagine and Ammonia Turnover 59 3.2.3 Proline and Hydroxyproline 62 3.2.4 Serine and Glycine 62 3.2.5 Lysine, Threonine, Methionine, Cysteine and Sulfur Metabolism 65 3.2.6 Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine 72 3.2.7 Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan and Derivatives 74 3.2.8 Histidine 79 3.2.9 Urea Cycle, Arginine and Associated Reactions 80 3.3 Tetrapyrroles 82 Martina Jahn and Dieter Jahn 3.3.1 Pathways for the Biosynthesis of Tetrapyrroles 82 3.3.2 Heme and Cytochrome Biosynthesis 86 3.3.3 Linear Tetrapyrroles 87 3.3.4 Biosynthesis of Chlorophylls 90 3.3.5 Biosynthesis of Cobalamins 91 3.3.6 Siroheme Biosynthesis 91 3.4 Lipids and Glycolipids 93 Rbbe Wnschiers 3.4.1 Fatty Acids and Acyl-CoA 93 3.4.2 Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides) 98 3.4.3 Phospholipids 100 3.4.4 Glycolipids 104 3.5 Steroids and Isoprenoids 107 Rbbe Wnschiers 3.5.1 Cholesterol 107 3.5.2 Hopanoids, Steroids of Plants and Insects 110 3.5.3 Isoprenoids 111 3.5.4 Steroid Hormones 114 3.5.5 Gestagen 115 3.5.6 Androgens 116 3.5.7 Estrogens 117 3.5.8 C