Condensed Matter Physics

"The text also gives more leisurely attention to the topics of primary interest to most students: electron and phonon bond structures." (Booknews, 1 February 2011) "In this text intended for a one-year graduate course, Marder (physics, U. of Texas, Austin) comments in the preface that this second edition incorporates the many thousands of updates and corrections suggested by readers of the first edition published in 1999, and he even gives credit to several individuals who found the most errors. He also points out that "the entire discipline of condensed matter is roughly ten percent older than when the first edition was written, so adding some new topics seemed appropriate." These new topics - chosen because of increasing recognition of their importance - include graphene and nanotubes, Berry phases, Luttinger liquids, diffusion, dynamic light scattering, and spin torques. The text also gives more leisurely attention to the topics of primary interest to most students: electron and phonon bond structures." (Reference and Research Book News, February 2011)

Michael P. Marder, PhD, is the Associate Dean for Science and Mathematics Education and Professor in the Department of Physics at the University of Texas at Austin, where he has been involved in a wide variety of theoretical, numerical, and experimental investigations. He specializes in the mechanics of solids, particularly the fracture of brittle materials. Dr. Marder has carried out experimental studies of crack instabilities in plastics and rubber, and constructed analytical theories for how cracks move in crystals. Recently he has studied the way that membranes ripple due to changes in their geometry, and properties of frictional sliding at small length scales.

Preface xix References xxii I ATOMIC STRUCTURE 1 1 The Idea of Crystals 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.1 Why are Solids Crystalline? 4 1.2 Two-Dimensional Lattices 6 1.2.1 Bravais Lattices 6 1.2.2 Enumeration of Two-Dimensional Bravais Lattices 7 1.2.3 Lattices with Bases 9 1.2.4 Primitive Cells 9 1.2.5 Wigner-Seitz Cells 10 1.3 Symmetries 11 1.3.1 The Space Group 11 1.3.2 Translation and Point Groups 12 1.3.3 Role of Symmetry 14 Problems 14 References 16 2 Three-Dimensional Lattices 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Monatomic Lattices 20 2.2.1 The Simple Cubic Lattice 20 2.2.2 The Face-Centered Cubic Lattice 20 2.2.3 The Body-Centered Cubic Lattice 22 2.2.4 The Hexagonal Lattice 23 2.2.5 The Hexagonal Close-Packed Lattice 23 2.2.6 The Diamond Lattice 24 2.3 Compounds 24 2.3.1 RocksaltSodium Chloride 25 2.3.2 Cesium Chloride 26 2.3.3 FluoriteCalcium Fluoride 26 2.3.4 ZincblendeZinc Sulfide 27 2.3.5 WurtziteZinc Oxide 28 2.3.6 PerovskiteCalcium Titanate 28 2.4 Classification of Lattices by Symmetry 30 2.4.1 Fourteen Bravais Lattices and Seven Crystal Systems 30 2.5 Symmetries of Lattices with Bases 33 2.5.1 Thirty-Two Crystallographic Point Groups 33 2.5.2 Two Hundred Thirty Distinct Lattices 36 2.6 Some Macroscopic Implications of Microscopic Symmetries 37 2.6.1 Pyroelectricity 37 2.6.2 Piezoelectricity 37 2.6.3 Optical Activity 38 Problems 38 References 41 3 Scattering and Structures 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Theory of Scattering from Crystals 44 3.2.1 Special Conditions for Scattering 44 3.2.2 Elastic Scattering from Single Atom 46 3.2.3 Wave Scattering from Many Atoms 47 3.2.4 Lattice Sums 48 3.2.5 Reciprocal Lattice 49 3.2.6 Miller Indices 51 3.2.7 Scattering from a Lattice with a Basis 53 3.3 Experimental Methods 54 3.3.1 Laue Method 56 3.3.2 Rotating Crystal Method 57 3.3.3 Powder Method 59 3.4 Further Features of Scattering Experiments 60 3.4.1 Interaction of X-Rays with Matter 60 3.4.2 Production of X-Rays 61 3.4.3 Neutrons 63 3.4.4 Electrons 63 3.4.5 Deciphering Complex Structures 64 3.4.6 Accuracy of Structure Determinations 65 3.5 Correlation Functions 66 3.5.1 Why Bragg Peaks Survive Atomic Motions 66 3.5.2 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) 67 3.5.3 Dynamic Light Scattering 68 3.5.4 Application to Dilute Solutions 70 Problems 71 References 73 4 Surfaces and Interfaces 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Geometry of Interfaces 77 4.2.1 Coherent and Commensurate Interfaces 78 4.2.2 Stacking Period and Interplanar Spacing 79 4.2.3 Other Topics in Surface Structure 81 4.3 Experimental Observation and Creation of Surfaces 82 4.3.1 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) 82 4.3.2 Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) 84 4.3.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 84 4.3.4 Field Ion Microscopy (FIM) 85 4.3.5 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 86 4.3.6 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 91 4.3.7 High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) 91 Problems 91 References 94 5 Beyond Crystals 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Diffusion and Random Variables 97 5.2.1 Brownian Motion and the Diffusion Equation 97 5.2.2 Diffusion 98 5.2.3 Derivation from Master Equation 99 5.2.4 Connection Between Diffusion and Random Walks 100 5.3 Alloys 101 5.3.1 Equilibrium Structures 101 5.3.2 Phase Diagrams 102 5.3.3 Superlattices 103 5.3.4 Phase Separation 104 5.3.5 Nonequilibrium Structures in Alloys 106 5.3.6 Dynamics of Phase Separation 108 5.4 Simulations 110 5.4.1 Monte Carlo 110 5.4.2 Molecular Dynamics 112 5.5 Liquids 113 5.5.1 Order Parameters and Long-and Short-Range Order 113 5.5.2 Packing Spheres 114 5.6 Glasses 116 5.7 Liquid Crystals 120 5.7.1 Nematics, Cholesterics, and Smectics 120 5.7.2 Liquid Crystal Order Parameter 122 5.8 Polymers 123 5.8.1 Ideal Radius of Gyration 123 5.9 Colloids and Diffusing-Wave