Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes

In all, this volume offers a valuable update on factors underlying the benefits of exercise in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism

John A. Hawley, PhD, is professor and head of the Exercise Metabolism and Diabetes Research Group in the School of Medical Sciences at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in Melbourne, Australia, where he has a postgraduate research program comprising eight postdoctoral and doctoral students. His areas of research include the regulation of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, with a particular emphasis on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and the role of exercise training in alleviating the metabolic syndrome. A fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine and a member of the American Physiological Society, Hawley serves as an editorial board member for the American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sports Medicine, the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, the International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, and the Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation. Hawley is also a regular reviewer for many international journals. In 1990, Hawley received the Medical Research Council (MRC) Scholarship for Outstanding Foreign Researcher from the South Africa MRC (1990-1992), which is awarded to assist doctoral studies in medical physiology. Hawley completed his PhD in physiology in 1993 while studying at the University of Cape Town Medical School, South Africa. Hawley has published more than 150 papers in medical, biochemical, and sport science journals, three books, and 15 book chapters and has served as a visiting lecturer for the University of Otago, New Zealand; the African International Olympic Committee Sports Medicine Program; and the International Olympic Committee Sports Medicine Program. As an invited speaker at conferences and symposiums throughout Europe, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Malaysia, Hawley speaks on a range of subjects, including exercise as a therapy for the prevention of metabolic syndrome, mechanisms for improvements in insulin resistance after physical activity, the relationship of exercise to insulin resistance and diabetes, and nutritional strategies and exercise performance. Juleen R. Zierath, PhD, is professor of physiology and head of the section of integrative physiology in the department of surgical science, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, and an adjunct professor of biochemistry at Boston University School of Medicine. Zierath leads an active research group consisting of members representing 10 countries. Through clinical and experimental research approaches, her group has unraveled the signaling mechanisms that mediate hormone action to promote glucose and lipid metabolism. In collaboration with a leading pharmaceutical company, she has contributed to the discovery of a nonprotein insulin receptor agonist that may offer a new type of oral treatment for people with diabetes. Her group collaborates with leading research groups from Scandinavia, Europe, Asia, and North America and is primarily funded by the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Strategic Research Foundation, and the European Union. She has published more than 150 peer-reviewed scientific papers, including 35 review articles in journals focused on endocrinology, metabolism, diabetes mellitus, and exercise physiology. She has also coauthored a textbook with Harriet Wallberg-Henriksson on the subject of skeletal muscle metabolism. Zierath is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Minkowski Award from the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, the Fernstrm Award from Karolinska Institutet, and a Future Research Leader Award from the Foundation for Strategic Research, Sweden.

Part I: Aetiology of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes: Prevalence and Consequences of the Diabesity Epidemic Chapter 1: The Increasing Burden of Type 2 Diabetes: Magnitude, Causes, and Implications of the Epidemic Edward W. Gregg, PhD, and Andrea K. Kriska, PhD Trends in Prevalence and Incidence Risk Factors for Diabetes and Causes of the Epidemic Determinants of Recent Trends in the Epidemic Anticipated Consequences of Diabetes and the Outlook for Prevention Concluding Remarks Chapter 2: Waging War on Type 2 Diabetes: Primary Prevention Through Exercise Biology Frank W. Booth, Manu V. Chakravarthy, and Matthew J. Laye Scope of the Problem Rationale for action Physical Inactivity's Contributing Role in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes New Ammunitions Future Battle Plans Concluding Remarks Part II: Defects in Metabolism and Insulin Resistance Chapter 3: Fatty Acid Uptake and Insulin Resistance Arend Bonen, Adrian Chabowski, Jan F.C. Glatz, and Joost J.F.P. Luiken LCFAS and Their Uptake Across the Sarcolemma Fatty Acid Transporters Fatty Acid Transport and Transporters in Human Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Concluding Remarks Chapter 4: Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Signaling Jason R. Berggren, Leslie A. Consitt, and Joseph A. Houmard Lipid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle The Insulin-Signaling Pathway Does Lipid Exposure Impair Insulin Action? Perturbations in Lipid Metabolism, Insulin Signal Transduction, and Insulin Action With Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity The Exercise Paradox Effect of Weight Loss on Muscle Lipid Accumulation and Insulin Signaling Concluding Remarks Chapter 5: Metabolic Inflexibility and Insulin Resistance Bret Goodpaster, PhD, and David E. Kelley, MD Substrate Utilization During Resting Conditions in Lean, Healthy Individuals Substrate Utilization in Insulin-Resistant Individuals Potential Cellular Mechanisms for Metabolic Flexibility in Fat Oxidation Effects of Weight Loss on Metabolic Flexibility in Obesity and T2DM Effects of Exercise Training on Metabolic Flexibility in Obesity and T2DM Concluding Remarks Chapter 6: Nutrient Sensor Links Obesity With Diabetes Risk Sarah Crunkhorn and Mary Elizabeth Patti Nutrient Sensing and Control of Food Intake Overnutrition, Disruption of Homeostatic Control, and Insulin Resistance Cellular Nutrient Sensing Concluding Remarks Chapter 7: Inflammation-Induced Insulin Resistance in Obesity: When Immunity Affects Metabolic Control Phillip James White and Andr Marette Obesity Is a Chronic Low-Grade Inflammatory State Evolution of Inflammation in Obesity Lipid Mediators Protein Kinase Mediators Transcriptional Mediators Concluding Remarks Part III: Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Through Exercise Training Chapter 8: Transcription Factors Regulating Exercise Adaptation David Kitz Krmer and Anna Krook Activation of MAP Kinase Signaling Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT) Regulation of GLUT4 Expression Mitochondria Biogenesis and Increased Lipid Oxidation Exercise-Mediated Regulation of PPARs Peroxisome Proliferators Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator (PGC)-1 Concluding Remarks Chapter 9: Exercise and Calorie Restriction Use Different Mechanisms to Improve Insulin Sensitivity Gregory D. Cartee, PhD Exercise and Calorie Restriction Effects on Skeletal Muscle Energy Status Exercise/Contraction-Stimulated Signaling Pathway for Glucose Transport Exercise Training Effects on Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Signaling Effects of Calorie Restriction Distinct From Weight Loss Effects of Calorie Restriction on Insulin Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Combined Effects of Exercise and Calorie Restriction Concluding Remarks Chapter 10: Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity and Insulin Resistance Kevin R. Short An Overview of Mitochondrial Structure and Function Evidence for a Role for Mitochondria in Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Evidence That Mitochondria Are Not Responsible for Insulin Resistance Concluding Remarks Chapter 11: Effects of Acute Exer