Levels of Organic Life and the Human

This twentieth-century work was a pioneering effort to articulate an alternative to the mechanistic-reductive accounts of life, and especially human life, that have dominated the mainstream of modern scientific culture. Neglected for too long, it is now available to a wider audience in a new climate, where it will have its full impact. -- Charles Taylor, author of A Secular Age Helmuth Plessner helped found a school of philosophical inquiry that, unbeknownst to English-language readers, loomed large in the middle decades of the twentieth century. Outfitted with J. M. Bernstein's orienting Introduction, this book matters not merely for historical reasons, but also because some contemporary thought is returning to its premises. -- Samuel Moyn, Yale University Among twentieth century philosophers Helmuth Plessner stands apart. No one else gives us a philosophical biology bridged to a philosophical anthropology. Living beings are 'boundary-realizing bodies' that sustain their boundary by taking a 'position' toward their environment. Human positionality is 'excentric'-it takes a position on its own positionality-and 'naturally artificial'-always mediated by tools. Plessner anticipates but often goes further than Hans Jonas, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Gilbert Simondon. He anticipates key ideas in theoretical biology and cognitive science. His early and unfairly neglected major work is now available in this fine translation. What a welcome moment for twenty-first century philosophy. -- Evan Thompson, author of Mind in Life and Waking, Dreaming, Being Plessner's new philosophical paradigm aims to challenge both reductive materialism and the panicky metaphysics of anti-naturalism in all its forms, . . . project[ing] the necessity and unavoidability of pluralism among the natural and human sciences. . . . We are, Plessner argues, naturally artificial beings, beings who can biologically live only through leading a culturally saturated, norm-governed life. The Levels is Plessner's masterwork, and it is patently the premier work of European philosophical anthropology; more importantly, its new paradigm should be regarded as belonging to the forward edge of contemporary philosophical thought. -- J. M. Bernstein, from the Introduction

Helmuth Plessner (Author) Helmuth Plessner (1892-1985) was a German philosopher and sociologist. From 1953-59, he was president of the German Sociological Association. Three of his many books have appeared in English, Political Anthropology (Northwestern, 2018), The Limits of Community (Humanity Books, 1999) and Laughing and Crying (Northwestern, 1970). J. M. Bernstein (Introducer) J. M. Bernstein is University Distinguished Professor in Philosophy at The New School for Social Research in New York City. Millay Hyatt (Translator) Millay Hyatt is a writer and translator based in Berlin. Her dissertation, "No-Where and Now-Here: Utopia and Politics from Hegel to Deleuze," received the University of Southern California's doctoral research prize.

Foreword from the Helmuth Plessner Society | vii Translator's Preface and Acknowledgments | ix Preface to the First Edition (1928) | xv Preface to the Second Edition (1965) | xix Introduction | xxxvii J. M. Bernstein 1. Aim and Scope of the Study | 1 The Development of Intuitionist Lebensphilosophie in Opposition to Experience, 3 * Lebensphilosophie and the Theory of the Humanities, 11 * Working Plan for the Foundation of a Philosophy of the Human, 22 2. The Cartesian Objection and the Nature of the Problem | 34 Extension vs. Interiority and the Problem of Appearance, 34 * Appearance as Originating in Interiority, 38 * The Prior Givenness of Interiority and the Forward Displacement of Myself: The Proposition of Immanence 41 * Extension as Outer World; Interiority as Inner World, 46 * The Proposition of Representation and the Element of Sensation, 51 * The Inaccessibility of Other I's according to the Principle of Sensualism, 55 * The Need for a Revision of the Cartesian Dichotomy in the Interest of a Science of Life, 58 * A Methodological Reformulation of the Opening Question, 64 3. The Thesis | 75 The Question, 75 * The Dual Aspect in the Appearance of Ordinary Perceptual Things, 76 * Against the Misinterpretation of This Analysis: A Closer Focus on the Subject Matter, 81 * The Dual Aspect of Living Perceptual Things: Koehler contra Driesch, 84 * How Is Dual Aspectivity Possible? The Nature of the Boundary, 93 * The Task of a Theory of the Essential Characteristics of the Organic, 99 * Definitions of Life, 104 * Nature and Object of a Theory of the Essential Characteristics of the Organic, 110 4. The Modes of Being of Vitality | 115 Essential Characteristics Indicating Vitality, 115 * The Positionality of Living Being and Its Spacelikeness, 118 * Living Being as Process and Type; the Dynamic Character of the Living Form; the Individuality of the Living Thing, 123 * Living Process as Development, 129 * The Curve of Development: Aging and Death, 137 * The Individual Living Thing as a System, 144 * The Self-Regulation of the Individual Living Thing and the Harmonious Equipotentiality of Its Parts, 149 * Individual Living Things as Organized: The Dual Meaning of Organs, 154 * The Temporality of Living Being, 159 * The Positional Union of Space and Time and the Natural Place, 168 5. The Organizational Modes of Living Being: Plants and Animals | 172 The Circle of Life, 172 * Assimilation-Dissimilation, 182 * Adaptedness and Adaptation, 186 * Reproduction, Heredity, Selection, 196 * The Open Form of Organization of the Plant, 202 * The Closed Form of Organization of the Animal, 209 6. The Sphere of the Animal | 219 The Positionality of the Closed Form: Centrality and Frontality, 219 * The Coordination of Stimulus and Response in the Case of an Inoperative Subject (Decentralized Type of Organization), 227 * The Coordination of Stimulus and Response by a Subject (Centralized Type of Organization), 231 * The Animal's Surrounding Field Organized into Complex Qualities and Things, 242 * Intelligence, 252 * Memory, 257 * Memory as the Unity of Residue and Anticipation, 262 7. The Sphere of the Human | 267 The Positionality of the Excentric Form: "I" and Personhood, 267 * Outer World, Inner World, Shared World, 272 * The Fundamental Laws of Anthropology: The Law of Natural Artificiality, 287 * The Law of Mediated Immediacy: Immanence and Expressivity, 298 * The Law of the Utopian Standpoint: Nullity and Transcendence, 316 Appendix | 323 Glossary | 337 Notes | 345 Index | 359