Understanding Emotions, EMEA Edition

Figures xvii Tables xxv Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxxi Part I Perspectives on Emotions 1 1 Approaches to Understanding Emotions 3 Introduction 4 What is an Emotion? First Ideas 5 Nineteenth-Century Founders 6 Charles Darwin: The Evolutionary Approach 6 William James: The Bodily Approach 10 Sigmund Freud: The Psychoanalytic Approach 10 Philosophical and Literary Approaches 12 Aristotle and the Ethics of Emotions 12 Ren Descartes: Philosophically Speaking 15 George Eliot: The World of the Arts 17 Brain Science, Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology 18 John Harlow, Tania Singer: Toward a Brain Science of Emotion 19 Magda Arnold, Sylvan Tomkins: New Psychological Theories 22 Erving Goffman, Arlie Russell Hochschild, and Lila Abu-Lughod: Emotions as Moral Dramas Involving Selves and Others 24 Empirical Inspirations for a New Science of Emotion 26 What is an Emotion? A Framework 28 The Emotional Realm: EmotionsMoodsDispositions 29 Episodes of Emotion 30 Moods and Sentiments 30 Emotional Disorders 30 Personality and Temperament 30 Summary 31 To Think About and Discuss 31 Further Reading 31 2 Evolution of Emotions 32 Elements of an Evolutionary Approach 33 Selection Pressures 33 Adaptation 35 Natural Design for Gene Replication 37 An Evolutionary History of Human Emotions 41 Insights from Modern Hunter-Gatherers 41 Insights from Nonhuman Primates 43 Human Ancestry 47 Evolution of Symbolic Representation and Language 49 Emotions as Bases of Human Relationships 51 Emotions That Promote Attachment 52 Emotions and Negotiation of Social Hierarchy 54 Emotions, Affiliation, and Friendship 54 Collective Emotion and Preference for In-Groups 55 Summary 57 To Think About and Discuss 57 Further Reading 58 3 Cultural Understandings of Emotions 59 An Island Society 60 Two Emotional Events 60 Three Principles: Emotions as Interpersonal, Active, and Value-based 61 Cross-cultural Approaches to Emotion 62 Identity 62 Independent and Interdependent Selves 63 Knowledge Structures 65 Values 67 The Construction of Emotions in the West 69 The Coming of Civilization to Medieval Societies 69 Has Violence Declined Over Time? 71 The Romantic Era 73 Sexual Love in the West 75 Falling in Love: Emotion as a Role 75 Women and Men: Different Cultures? 78 Integrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches 78 Summary 80 To Think About and Discuss 81 Further Reading 81 Part II Elements of Emotions 83 4 Communication of Emotions 85 Five Kinds of Nonverbal Behavior 88 Facial Expressions of Emotion 91 Darwins Observations and Theoretical Analysis 91 Early Evidence of the Universality of Facial Expressions of Emotion 93 Critiques of the Ekman and Friesen Studies 95 Discovering New Facial Expressions of Emotion 96 Inference and Context in Emotion Recognition 99 Vocal Communication of Emotion 102 The Communication of Emotions with the Voice 104 Tactile Communication of Emotion 107 Four Functions of Touch 107 Communicating Emotions with Touch 108 Emotional Expression and the Coordination of Social Interaction 109 Cultural Variation in Emotional Expression 111 Cultural Variation in Expressive Behavior 111 Cultural Variation in the Interpretation of Emotional Expression 112 Communication of Emotion in Art 113 Four Hypotheses from the Idea of Romanticism 114 Aesthetic Emotions in the Natyasastra 115 Summary 117 To Think About and Discuss 118 Further Reading 118 5 Bodily Changes and Emotions 119 Early Theorizing About Emotion and Bodily Changes 120 Emotion and the Autonomic Nervous System 122 Directed Facial Action and Physiological Differentiation of Negative Emotion 123 Autonomic Response and Positive Emotion 125 Vagal Tone and Compassion 126 The Blush 126 The Chills 128 Emotion and the Neuroendocrine System 130 The HypothalamicPituitaryAdrenal Axis 130 Emo