Foundations of College Chemistry, International Adaptation

1 An Introduction to Chemistry 1 1.1 The Nature of Chemistry 1 1.2 A Scientific Approach to Problem Solving 3 Chemistry in Action: Egyptians, the First Medicinal Chemists 4 1.3 The Particulate Nature of Matter 5 1.4 Classifying Matter 7 2 Standards for Measurement 15 2.1 Scientific Notation 15 2.2 Measurement and Uncertainty 17 2.3 Significant Figures 18 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations 20 2.5 The Metric System 23 Chemistry in Action: Keeping Track of Units 27 2.6 Dimensional Analysis: A Problem-Solving Method 29 2.7 Percent 32 2.8 Measurement of Temperature 35 2.9 Density 37 Case Study: A Googol of Atoms 41 3 Elements and Compounds 51 3.1 Elements 51 Chemistry in Action: Naming Elements 56 3.2 Introduction to the Periodic Table 56 Chemistry in Action: Smartphone Elements 59 3.3 Compounds and Formulas 60 4 Properties of Matter 71 4.1 Properties of Substances 71 Chemistry in Action: Making Money 73 4.2 Physical and Chemical Changes 74 4.3 Learning to Solve Problems 77 4.4 Energy 77 4.5 Heat: Quantitative Measurement 79 4.6 Energy in the Real World 81 Chemistry in Action: Popping Popcorn 82 Case Study: A Cool Glass of Water: A Mystery 83 5 Early Atomic Theory and Structure 91 5.1 Dalton's Model of the Atom 91 5.2 Electric Charge 92 5.3 Subatomic Parts of the Atom 94 5.4 The Nuclear Atom 96 5.5 Isotopes of the Elements 98 Chemistry in Action: Isotope Detectives 100 5.6 Atomic Mass 100 Case Study: Thinking Inside the Box 102 6 Modern Atomic Theory and the Periodic Table 109 6.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 109 Chemistry in Action: You Light Up My Life 111 6.2 The Bohr Atom 111 6.3 Energy Levels of Electrons 113 Chemistry in Action: Atomic Clocks 115 6.4 Atomic Structures of the First 18 Elements 116 6.5 Electron Structures and the Periodic Table 119 Chemistry in Action: Collecting the Elements 120 7 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms 131 7.1 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 131 7.2 The Ionic Bond: Transfer of Electrons from One Atom to Another 134 7.3 Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds 140 7.4 The Covalent Bond: Sharing Electrons 141 7.5 Electronegativity 143 Chemistry in Action: Trans-forming Fats 145 7.6 Polarizing Power and Polarizability--Fajans' Rules 146 7.7 Lewis Structures of Compounds 147 Chemistry in Action: Strong Enough to Stop a Bullet? 151 7.8 Complex Lewis Structures 151 7.9 Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 153 7.10 Molecular Shape 153 Case Study: An Analysis of Martian Molecules 157 8 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds 167 8.1 Common and Systematic Names 167 8.2 Elements and Ions 168 Chemistry in Action: What's in a Name? 170 8.3 Writing Formulas from Names of Ionic Compounds 172 8.4 Naming Binary Compounds 174 8.5 Naming Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 179 8.6 Acids 180 9 Quantitative Composition of Compounds 191 9.1 The Mole Concept 191 9.2 Molar Mass of Compounds 196 9.3 Percent Composition of Compounds 199 Chemistry in Action: Feeling the Molecular Heat? 202 9.4 Calculating Empirical Formulas 202 9.5 Calculating the Molecular Formula from the Empirical Formula 205 Case Study: Avogadro Goes to Court 207 10 Chemical Equations 217 10.1 The Chemical Equation 217 10.2 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 219 10.3 Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? 224 10.4 Types of Chemical Equations 225 Chemistry in Action: CO Poisoning--A Silent Killer 226 10.5 Heat in Chemical Reactions 231 10.6 Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect 235 11 Calculations from Chemical Equations 245 11.1 Introduction to Stoichiometry 245 11.2 Mole--Mole Calculations 248 11.3 Mole--Mass Calculations 250 11.4 Mass--Mass Calculations 252 Chemistry in Action: A Shrinking Technology 254 11.5 Limiting Reactant and Yield Calculations 254 12 The Gaseous State of Matter 269 12.1 Properties of Gases 269 Chem