Physiology of Sport and Exercise

W. Larry Kenney, PhD, is the Marie Underhill Noll Chair in Human Performance and a professor of physiology and kinesiology at Pennsylvania State University at University Park. He received his PhD in physiology from Penn State in 1983. Working at Noll Laboratory, Kenney is researching the effects of aging and disease states such as hypertension on the control of blood flow to human skin and has been continuously funded by NIH since 1983. He also studies the effects of heat, cold, and dehydration on various aspects of health, exercise, and athletic performance as well as the biophysics of heat exchange between humans and the environment. He is the author of more than 200 papers, books, book chapters, and other publications. Kenney was president of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) from 2003 to 2004. He is a fellow of the ACSM and is active in the American Physiological Society. For his service to the university and his field, Kenney was awarded Penn State Universitys Faculty Scholar Medal, the Evan G. and Helen G. Pattishall Outstanding Research Achievement Award, and the Pauline Schmitt Russell Distinguished Research Career Award. He was awarded ACSMs New Investigator Award in 1987 and their Citation Award in 2008. Kenney has been a member of the editorial and advisory boards for several journals, including Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Current Sports Medicine Reports (inaugural board member), Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, Journal of Applied Physiology, Human Performance, Fitness Management, and ACSMs Health & Fitness Journal (inaugural board member). He is also an active grant reviewer for the National Institutes of Health and many other organizations. He and his wife, Patti, have three children, all of whom were Division I college athletes. Jack H. Wilmore, PhD, retired in 2003 from Texas A&M University as a distinguished professor in the department of health and kinesiology. From 1985 to 1997, Wilmore was chair of the department of kinesiology and health education and the Margie Gurley Seay Centennial Professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Before that, he served on the faculties at the University of Arizona, the University of California, and Ithaca College. Wilmore earned his PhD in physical education from the University of Oregon in 1966. Wilmore published 53 chapters, more than 320 peer-reviewed research papers, and 15 books on exercise physiology. He was one of five principal investigators for the HERITAGE Family Study, a large multicenter clinical trial investigating the possible genetic basis for the variability in the responses of physiological measures and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes to endurance exercise training. Wilmores research interests included determining the role of exercise in the prevention and control of both obesity and coronary heart disease, determining the mechanisms accounting for alterations in physiological function with training and detraining, and factors limiting the performance of elite athletes. A former president of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), Wilmore received ACSMs Honor Award in 2006. In addition to serving as chair for many ACSM organizational committees, Wilmore was on the United States Olympic Committees Sports Medicine Council and chaired their Research Committee. He was a member of the American Physiological Society and a fellow and former president of the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education. Wilmore consulted for several professional sport teams, the California Highway Patrol, the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, NASA, and the U.S. Air Force. He also served on editorial boards of several journals. Wilmore passed away during the preparation of the sixth edition of this text. David L. Costill, PhD, is the Emeritus John and Janice Fisher Chair in Exercise Science at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. He estab

Research Perspectives Finder Introduction. An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology Focus of Exercise and Sport Physiology Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise The Evolution of Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology in the 21st Century Research: Turning Curiosity Into Science Part I. Exercising Muscle Chapter 1. Structure and Function of Exercising Muscle Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Muscle Fiber Contraction Muscle Fiber Types Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Chapter 2. Fuel for Exercise: Bioenergetics and Muscle Metabolism Energy Substrates Controlling the Rate of Energy Production Storing Energy: High-Energy Phosphates The Basic Energy Systems Interaction of the Energy Systems The Crossover Concept The Oxidative Capacity of Muscle Chapter 3. Neural Control of Exercising Muscle Structure and Function of the Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Sensory-Motor Integration Chapter 4. Hormonal Control During Exercise The Endocrine System Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones: An Overview Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism During Exercise Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes During Exercise Hormonal Regulation of Caloric Intake Part II. Muscle Energy Chapter 5. Energy Expenditure Measuring Energy Expenditure Estimating Energy Expenditure Predicting Energy Expenditure Energy Expenditure at Rest and During Exercise Chapter 6. Fatigue, Muscle Soreness, and Muscle Cramps Fatigue and Its Causes Critical Power: The Link Between Energy Expenditure and Fatigue Muscle Soreness Exercise-Induced Muscle Cramps Part III. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function Chapter 7. The Cardiovascular System and Its Control The Heart Vascular System Blood Chapter 8. The Respiratory System and Its Regulation Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Volumes Pulmonary Diffusion Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Gas Exchange at the Muscles Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation Afferent Feedback From Exercising Limbs Exercise Training and Respiratory Function Chapter 9. Cardiorespiratory Responses to Acute Exercise Cardiovascular Responses to Acute Exercise Respiratory Responses to Acute Exercise Recovery From Acute Exercise Part IV. Exercise Training Chapter 10. Principles of Exercise Training Terminology General Principles of Training Resistance Training Programs Anaerobic and Aerobic Power Training Programs Chapter 11. Adaptations to Resistance Training Resistance Training and Gains in Muscular Fitness Mechanisms of Gains in Muscle Strength Interaction Between Resistance Training and Diet Resistance Training for Special Populations Chapter 12. Adaptations to Aerobic and Anaerobic Training Adaptations to Aerobic Training Adaptations to Anaerobic Training Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training Specificity of Training and Cross-Training Chapter 13. Prescription of Exercise for Health and Fitness Health Benefits of Regular Physical Activity and Exercise Exercise and Cognitive Function Physical Activity Recommendations Health Screening Exercise Prescription Monitoring Exercise Intensity Exercise Programming Exercise and Rehabilitation of People with Diseases Part V. Environmental Influences on Performance Chapter 14. Exercise in Hot and Cold Environments Body Temperature Regulation Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Heat Health Risks During Exercise in the Heat Acclimation to Exercise in the Heat Exercise in the Cold Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Cold Health Risks During Exercise in the Cold Chapter 15. Altitude, Hyperbaric Environments, and Microgravity Environmental Conditions at Altitude Physiological Responses to Acute Altitude Exposure Exercise and Sport Performance at Altitude Acclimation: Chronic Exposure to Altitude Altitude: Optimizing Training and Performance Health Risks of Acute Exposure to Altitude Hyperbaric Environments Microgravity Part VI. Optimizing Performance in Spor