CBRN Protection

Andre Richardt has obtained his academic degrees from University Cologne in 1991 (Dipl. Degree in Genetics), Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg (Dr. rer. nat Degree in Microbiology) in 1997 and Helmut-Schmidt-University, Hamburg (Dr. habil Degree in Biotechnology) in 2006. Currently, he is head of Biological and Chemical Decontamination business area at the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and NBC Protection in Munster, Germany. Most of his career he has been working for the German Armed Forces in the field of CBRN-protection. From 2004 to 2005 he worked at dstl, PortonDown, Great Britain. In the special field catalytic decontamination of biological and chemical warfare agents he has been working for over ten years in national and international working-groups. His current research interests include investigations of non-thermal inactivation of biological and chemical agents as well as the control of the efficiency of a decontamination process. Currently, he is also a lecturer at the Helmut-Schmidt-University, Hamburg and he tutors young officers in the field of CBRN-protection. He is a member in several working groups dealing with fundamental technical and scientific aspects of CBRN protection. Dr. Birgit Hlseweh studied Biology at the Heinrich-Heine-University of Dsseldorf, Germany with a focus on Microbiology, Molecularbiology and Organic Chemistry. There she received her Diploma in 1990 and did her doctoral thesis (PhD) at the Institute of Microbiology. From 1994 to 1998 she was as a post-doc at the Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology in Dortmund, Germany and for another 4 year period she worked as a scientific assistant at the University of Essen-Duisburg, Germany. From 2001 to 2002 she was the head of the scientific laboratory of Alpha Technology GmbH in Cologne, Germany, a biotech company, which dealt with the spotting, production and electrical read-out of microarrays for microbial diagnostics. In 2003 she joined as a senior scientist the department of Virology at the Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and NBC Protection in Munster, Germany. Her research focuses on innovative technologies for the identification of microorganisms and her scientific interests include all aspects of real-time-PCR methods, array applications as well as innovative applications of nanotechnology. Dr. Hlseweh has extensive experience in Molecular and Cellular Biology as well as in Immunology and Biochemistry. She is the author of diverse peer reviewed scientific publications and tutors several PhD-students. She has been working as scientific advisor in national and international working-groups and takes care for several international scientific co-operations. Bernd Niemeyer studied Chemical Engineering and obtained his German Diploma degree (Dipl.-Ing.) at the University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany in 1986. His following PhD work focused in the field of bio engineering at the same University. He obtained his PhD-degree in 1990. As Post-doc he visited the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in Lower Hutt (New Zealand) for one year and researched into separation technologies for health and chemical engineering topics. After his comeback he worked for the Deutsche Aerospace AG (later named DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG) and the company Thermoselect Suedwest GmbH. He designed, constructed and commissioned new waste treatment plants for ammunition disposal (newly invented process) as well as for municipal waste processing. Since 1996 he leads the Chair of "Process Engineering with focus on Separation Technology" at the Helmut-Schmidt-University / University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg in combination with the Research Group "Molecular Recognition and Separation" at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Material Science and Coastal Research. His research interests are applicable for CBRN-safety (analyses and decontamination

Foreword XV Preface XVII About the Editors XIX List of Contributors XXIII Part I History and Treaties in CBRN -- Warfare and Terrorism 1 1 A Glance Back -- Myths and Facts about CBRN Incidents 3 Andre Richardt and Frank Sabath 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 History of Chemical Warfare 4 1.3 Introduction to Biological Warfare 13 1.4 Introduction to Radiological and Nuclear Warfare 22 2 International Treaties -- Only a Matter for Diplomats? 39 Martin Schaarschmidt 2.1 Introduction to the Minefield of Negotiations 39 2.2 Why It Is so Difficult to Implement International Regulations? 42 2.3 Historic Development of Treaties -- the Link to the Incidents 46 2.4 Today's System of Treaties -- a Global Network 47 2.5 Nuclear Weapons 54 2.6 Organizations 63 2.7 Conclusions and Where Does the Road Lead? 64 Part II CBRN Characteristics -- Is There Something Inimitable? 67 3 Chemical Agents -- Small Molecules with Deadly Properties 69 Hans-Jurgen Altmann, Silke Oelze, and Bernd Niemeyer 3.1 Are Special Properties Required for Chemical Warfare Agents? 69 3.2 How can we Classify Chemical Warfare Agents? 71 3.3 Properties of Chemical Warfare Agents 78 3.4 Choking and Irritant Agents 97 3.5 Incapacitating Agents 99 3.6 Dissemination Systems of Chemical Warfare Agents 99 3.7 Conclusions and Outlook 101 4 Characteristics of Biological Warfare Agents -- Diversity of Biology 103 Birgit Hulseweh 4.1 What Is Special? 104 4.2 Types of Biological Agents 104 4.3 Risk Classification of Biological and Biological Warfare Agents 110 4.4 Routes of Entry 114 4.5 Origin, Spreading, and Availability 118 4.6 The Biological Event -- Borderline to Pandemics, Endemics, and Epidemics 121 4.7 The Bane of Biotechnology -- Genetically Engineered Pathogens 121 4.8 Conclusions and Outlook 123 5 Characteristics of Nuclear and Radiological Weapons 125 Ronald Rambousky and Frank Sabath 5.1 Introduction to Nuclear Explosions 126 5.2 Direct Effects 133 5.3 Indirect Effects 149 5.4 Radiological Weapons 159 Part III CBRN Sensors -- Key Technology for an Effective CBRN Countermeasure Strategy 167 6 Why Are Reliable CBRN Detector Technologies Needed? 169 Birgit Hulseweh, Hans-Jurgen Marschall, Ronald Rambousky, and Andre Richardt 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 A Concept to Track CBRN Substances 170 6.3 Low-Level Exposure and Operational Risk Management 175 6.4 Conclusions and Outlook 177 7 Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agents -- Searching for Molecules 179 Andre Richardt, Martin Jung, and Bernd Niemeyer 7.1 Analytical Chemistry -- the Scientific Basis for Searching Molecules 180 7.2 Standards for Chemical Warfare Agent Sensor Systems and Criteria for Deployment 182 7.3 False Alarm Rate and Limit of Sensitivity 184 7.4 Technologies for Chemical Warfare Agent Sensor Systems 185 7.5 Testing of Chemical Warfare Agent Detectors 203 7.6 Conclusions and Future Developments 206 8 Detection and Analysis of Biological Agents 211 Birgit Hulseweh and Hans-Jurgen Marschall 8.1 What Makes the Difference? 212 8.2 The Ideal Detection and Identification Platform 215 8.3 Bioaerosols: Particulate and Biological Background 216 8.4 Aerosol Detection -- A Tool for Threat Monitoring 217 8.5 Sampling of Biological Agents 223 8.6 Identification of Biological Warfare Agents 229 8.7 Developing and Upcoming Technologies 238 8.8 Conclusions 239 9 Measurement of Ionizing Radiation 243 Ronald Rambousky 9.1 Why Is Detection of Ionizing Radiation So Important? 244 9.2 Physical Quantities used to Describe Radioactivity and Ionizing Radiation 248 9.3 Different Measuring Tasks Concerning Ionizing Radiation 251 9.4 Basics of Radiation Detectors 256 9.5 Gamma Dose Rate and Detection of Gamma Radiation 266 9.6 Conclusions and Outlook 271 Part IV Technologies for Physical Protection 273 10 Filter Technology -- Clean Air is Required 275 Andre Richardt and Thomas Dawert 10.1 Filters -- Nee